Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

The Effects of Acid Rain on Lakes and Trees Corrosive downpour has for quite some time been contended by society’s most impressive personalities. It in a roundabout way decimates biological systems that encompass woodlands and lakes (Taylor, 26). Individuals need to decide managing the devastation of nature and the job corrosive downpour plays in it. Corrosive downpour wrecks a great many timberlands and lakes (Taylor, 26 ). Studies show that corrosive downpour is one of the biggest contributing elements in the passing of timberlands and lakes. Corrosive downpour in a roundabout way murders a large number of sections of land of forestland every decade. In the 1960s, individuals found that corrosive downpour fall was undesirable and harming to woodlands (Baines, 20). Corrosive downpour doesn't execute the trees straightforwardly. Corrosive downpour causes the tree to debilitate and harms it with harmful substances that are gradually discharged from the dirt (EPA). At the point when the trees debilitate from the corrosive, it makes some harder memories fending off enemies, for example, parasites, maladies, and ice so in this manner it kicks the bucket. Around the 1970s the corrosive downpour problem deteriorated, the corrosive downpour has put trees at serious risk and now they are beginning to cease to exist. The impacts of corrosive downpour on a tree is appeared if it has less foliage, yellow spots and delivers numerous cones (Baines, 22). Besides, corrosive downpour harms the trees through the dirt by discharging metals that hurt them considerably further (Lucas, 72). Corrosive downpour causes the trees to lose their leaves, so when the trees attempt to regrow their leaves, buds come rather, this procedure is known as a frenzy shoot (M. 15). Huge land regions which used to be secured with woods are currently gone, dead or kicking the bucket (Baines, 21). Around the 1980’s the greater part  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Kotto 2 of the trees in Germany had indications of corrosive downpour harm (Edmonds, 14). Presently it is realized that corrosive downpour is one of the greatest contributing components in the passing and crumbling of nature.      Lakes bolster a great many types of marine life, that’s why it’s a disgrace that they are continually being harmed by corrosive downpour. Researchers have examined the consequences for corrosive downpour in lakes for quite a few years (Lucas, 49). Researcher utilize their perceptions to decide if lakes are acidous or not. Individuals can tell if there is corrosive downpour in a lake if the water is perfect and completely clear, yet, with barely no life in it (Baines, 16).The corrosive downpour can enter the lakes by method of day off,

A Personal Philosophy of Meaning and Value Essay Sample free essay sample

Rundown and Application Plan A great many people. unconventionally in the problematic mature ages of youth and juvenile development. pass an extraordinary entirety of clasp in chase of importance and estimation of life. On thought. I could unhesitatingly express that I have risen above that stage. as noteworthiness and incentive for me are clear and my finishes appear to be more come-at-capable one time I endeavor hard to utilize criticalness and incentive to it. My assault to life can be portrayed as one of pertinence and common sense. This is non to imply that I hold a just helpful situation of things however rather that I am an activity arranged person who wants to secure things done. In our human advancement. work is held in high respect and however insight is other than prized. the pursuit of higher obtaining is left to the individuals who are considered appropriate for surveies. For the mean Mongolian. importance and worth are interwoven with what one could help through in one’s life †increasing an actual existence. achievement in an exchange. the rise of a family unit. great remaining in the community†¦ Happiness and satisfaction is an outcome of achieving these things. At that point of class there are the individuals who discover criticalness and incentive in the pursuit of larning. furthermore, these people one time they finish their planning are other than regarded and expected to play a significant roe in the network. I am favored to hold got the opportunity to arraign higher surveies. also, my brush with regulation has been fairly engrossing and advantageous. Tenet is a fascinating natural structure of larning yet I need to recognize that in all humbleness I myself am non quite a bit of a logician in the cast of Aristotle. Descartes. Lacan. Derrida or Nietzsche. Potentially my ain childhood is a factor. each piece great as the progress of my place state Mongolia which is especially not the same as Western states. Which means and incentive in Mongolian human progress is not quite the same as those of Western social orders. Truth be told. I would non hold found out about Western teaching in the event that I did non arraign a guidance. Mongolia is an immature state. furthermore, as such its qualities. conviction frameworks and conventions are classical by Western standards. Since simply a little part of Mongolia is urbanized. life in my place state could be all around portrayed as ‘simple. ’ smooth and customary. Also, because of the way that Mongolia still can't seem to the full form itself into an industrialized state. noteworthiness and esteem for me lies in causing my segment to help my state to achieve advancement. With such a magnified end in head. things being what they are acceptable to hold a hypothesis to guide one to activity. so as to acknowledge one’s closures. For a great many people. their lives are guided by specific conventions which help decide their perceptual encounters of the universe. The Western universe in unconventional is wealthy in philosophical conventions from the old Greeks to its contemporary personalities. It is meriting seeing that for us in the East we other than have philosophical customs we are pleased with and shared by various individuals around the universe. for example, Confucianism and Taoism in China. the methods of reasoning of Buddhism. among others. Along these lines Eastern human advancements are non mediocre compared to their Western inverse numbers. The 21stcentury has all the earmarks of being somewhat guaranteeing for world. As Goldman ( 1999. Vii ) notes. we are at what could either be the best or the most exceedingly awful of times for the cultural pursue of insight. stroll on airing in the way that humankind is so much better invested with data and perception today than it was even imagined conceivable. A cultural hypothesis of comprehension orepistemologyhas customarily safeguarded â€Å"the Cartesian picture of enquiry as a movement of stray personalities. each arraigning truth in a feeling of independence and unadulterated self-governance ( Goldman. Vii ) . † This in any case. â€Å"ignores the relational and institutional settings wherein most perception ventures are truly undertaken† ( Goldman 1993. Vii ) . that is. the significant capacity of cultural connections which both light up and imperil the odds for cognizance. Epistemology is by and by being subverted by the emanant talk on â€Å"postmodernismà ¢â‚¬  which makes light of what the epistemic convention has meticulously developed since its commencement †man’s interest for truth †with its disavowal of the clarity of equitable truth. I by the by for one concur with Goldman on the essentialness of the philosophical custom and cultural examples as holding both positive and negative parts to human perception. Venturing out back to the low beginnings of Western teaching. we have Aristotle declaring that â€Å"All work powers naturally want to know† ( Aristotle as refered to in Goldman 1999. 3 ) . Mankind's history takes the stand concerning man’s pursue of perception and data. This in twist is non just an aftereffect of our captivation with the universe we end up in yet because of human miracle enriched naturally and our ain down to earth concerns. Following Goldman ( 1999. 5 ) in cultural epistemology. the direction is towards truth finding in the creation of cognizance and its turns around. I. nutrient E.mistake( deception ) andignorance( nonappearance of truth conviction ) . With the postmodern twist in the ulterior segment of the 20Thursdaycentury. truth-based epistemology has experienced harsh criticism from its postmodern pundits. Goldman ( 1999. 9 ) presents the general survey of truth-based epistemology: â€Å" ( 1 ) There is non such thing as an extraordinary truth for what we call â€Å"true† is only what we concur with. Besides. these supposed certainties or realities are just arranged convictions. the stocks of cultural structure and fiction. non ‘objective’ or ‘external’ qualities of the universe. ( 2 ) Knowledge. world. what's more, truth are the stocks of etymological correspondence. what's more, there is no language-autonomous world that can do our thoughts valid or bogus. ( 3 ) If there were any extraordinary or equitable facts. they would be unaccessible and mysterious by human presences. thus inaccessible for any down to earth epistemic expectations. ( 4 ) There are no advantaged epistemological spots. what's more, no specific establishments for convictions. All cases are decided by shows or semantic correspondence games. which have no more profound establishment. ( 5 ) This would indicate the nonappearance of unoriginal. trans-social rule s for settling discords. Supplications to truth are just instruments of control or restraint. which ought to be supplanted by designs with dynamic cultural worth. ( 6 ) Truth can non be achieved on the grounds that all putatively truth-arranged examples are undermined and one-sided by political relations or self-serving interests†( Goldman 1999. 9 ) . Going through these general purposes of conflict coordinated at truth-based epistemology. one would distinguish that postmodernism. unconventionally its cultural constructivist feature. is by all accounts engrossed with phonetic correspondence as the clincher of both comprehension and world. We have Jacques Derrida declaring that â€Å"The content is all and nil exists outside of it† ( Derrida as refered to in Goldman. 1999. 10 ) . On the off chance that one clung to this standard of averments of truth as neer autonomous of semantic correspondence. so truth is simply presented by the universe as developed by world. In spite of the fact that I do hold that our musings depend on our ain assets ( common and human ) and as such we â€Å"create† the universe as we probably am aware it. at long last human comprehension includes â€Å"truth† which I concur with Goldman is non only a human idea. My ain individual tenet perceives the originative. dynamic. cultural constructionist constituent of human presences as they take part in grouped exercises inside the areas of cultural life. A relativist develop of truth in any case. as what numerous postmodernists seem, by all accounts, to be suggesting. does non bid a lot to me. In spite of the fact that I perceive the majority of civic establishments bing known to mankind. I think there are sure â€Å"truths† individuals could hang on regardless of this perceived majority and grouping in human encounters and socio-chronicled universes. On an individual note. my ain moralss will in general mirror those which are of head significance in my ain worth framework. This in twist is impacted by the human advancement I experienced childhood in. what's more, my ain socialization and childhood. Corresponding to my own life. my moralss have a recognizable maverick aspect to it as it other than mirrors my own convictions. finishes and motivations joined into the prevailing worth arrangement of the varying socio-social gatherings to which I have a place. In particular. despite the fact that I have high respect for conventional qualities and convictions. holding been presented to higher guidance has ‘freed’ me from aimlessly tolerating custom. This opportunity brought roughly by larning and introduction to different civic establishments permits me to have the option to fundamentally request and proficient to basic investigation those which are regularly underestimated. This basic inquisitive and systematic re-assessment is non the consequence of a simple want to demo off higher obtaining or as a terminal in itself. Or maybe. it is embraced with a feeling of advancement. of happening better arrangements. of bettering the previously bing region of individual businesss in head. It is along these lines outfitted towards critical thinking and improvement. Having been presented to different human advancements †I read for a few mature ages in Japan †an extremely significant and utile experience for me. I have figured out how to acknowledge human assorted variety and to regard others and their civic establishments. Quiet concurrence and participation is so conceivable yet the method of achieving it might vary starting with one experience then onto the next. Various arrangements exist for various people groups however everything comes down to happening the best 1 for you. My underlying brush with Nipponese society was one of human progress shock. prior to I le

Analysis Of Narrative Of Life of Frederick Douglass - Free Essay Example

In this excerpt from Frederick Douglass autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845), Douglass, a runaway slave, recounts his journey to freedom and describes the feelings and hardships that come with the life of a runaway slave. He illustrates this by informing the reader of his victory in gaining freedom, detailing his lonely and uncertain conditions, expressing his paranoia when dealing with free white men and untrustworthy colored men, and then offering a challenge to his fellow man to undergo the difficulties of a fugitive slavers life . Douglass purpose for writing his narrative was to inform readers about the hardships he faced as a fugitive slave in order to open the eyes of free men to the cruelties of slavery and to demonstrate that once he was free from his oppressor he became captive to a life of distrust and solitude. Douglass uses diction, detail, and syntax to better communicate his story to his audience. Frederick Douglass diction resonates strong feelings within the reader by expressing the intensity of both the internal and external hardships he faced as a fugitive slave. Douglass [suffered] on behalf of merciless men-hunters who were too caught up in their business to feel remorse for the pain they caused. On the plantation Douglass was faced with inhumane, unrelenting conditions that caused mental and physical anguish. The southern white slave owners showed no mercy to colored men because they only saw slaves as a resource to earn a profit. Douglass escaped his brutal life as a slave and found his freedom, but eventually the loneliness of his newfound life set in. Douglass had broken his chains of slavery and his dream of freedom finally became a reality. At first he was satisfied with his newly obtained freedom, but then he became a social prisoner living in a constant state of fear and paranoia. Douglass diction strengthens his description of his life as a fugitive slave and cr eates a vivid, horrific image of life as a colored man in the days of slavery. Frederick Douglass uses figurative language to heighten the internal conflicts that develop as he adjusts to life as a fugitive slave. Douglass felt relieved when he escaped [the] den of hungry lions, but he soon became overwhelmed and insecure in the midst of thousands. Douglass was relieved to escape the harmful and merciless conditions of slavery. He was introduced to a new life full of strangers, but he had trouble adapting to this new life because he felt helpless and alone. Douglass felt as if New York was a hunting-ground full of money-loving kidnappers who would force runaway slaves back into the shackles of slavery. New York was a perfect place for white bounty hunters to hunt down and capture fugitive slaves. Douglass was afraid of being caught by one of these bounty hunters and returned to his previous life as a slave. Douglass figurative language intensifies his descriptions of the internal conflicts he faced as a runaway slave. Frederick Douglass syntax moves from simple nominal sentences to parallelism and finally to a lengthy cumulative sentence. Douglass opens with a strong juxtaposition of slavery and freedom and then switches to longer nominal sentences with an abundance of the pronoun I and parallelism that repeats what. When Douglass first arrived in New York he felt liberated, but that soon shifts to a feeling of loneliness. His use of the pronoun I stresses how lonely and isolated he felt in his new life as a fugitive slave. In the middle Douglass uses parallel structure by repeating in the midst of thousands and lie in wait, and then offers the reader a challenge. Douglass use of parallelism emphasizes the loneliness and fear he experienced as a fugitive slave in New York City. Douglass challenges the reader to experience the hardships and emotional turmoil of a fugitive slave, so they can appreciate their freedom and not take it for granted. In the end Douglass starts a long cumulative sentence with dashes as punctuation and parallel structures such as wanting shelter, and no one to give it wanting bread, and no money to buy it. The sentence expresses the hardships he and his brethren have faced, while also challenging the reader to put themselves in his position. The length of the sentence is meant to keep the reader waiting, just as slaves wait for their freedom, and the dashes are used to emphasize each new thought. Douglass uses syntax to express his feelings as a fugitive slave and help others comprehend the emotional turmoil that accompanies the physical agony that fugitive slaves endured. Frederick Douglass wrote a powerful narrative that epitomized the turbulent life of a colored man in the age of slavery. His narrative created a controversy that helped change and shape our countryrs history for the better. Douglass narrative had a powerful effect and influenced change for all enslaved colored men. Douglass narrative will continue to inspire and influence minorities to stand up for themselves and create their own path.

Mississippi Burning Essay - 1772 Words

â€Å"Racism is mans gravest threat to man - the maximum of hatred for a minimum of reason.† This quote from Abraham Joshua Heschel sums up how inconsiderate and cruel people can be, without processing how evil their actions and words are. Few of us seem to realise how crooked, how universal and how evil racism is. In the film ‘Mississippi Burning’ directed by Alan Parker we see the idea of ‘man’s inhumanity to man’, through racism, fear and corruption. Parker helps us understand the thoughtlessness and evilness of this idea, with the use of verbal and visual techniques such as dialogue, camera angle and shots, After three Civil Rights workers, who were organizing a voter registry clinic, go missing in Mississippis Jessup County, the FBI†¦show more content†¦Parker uses the verbal technique of dialogue in supporting this idea of racism in the film. We see this in many scenes, such as when Mrs Pell talks to Rupert Anderson about the origins of where the racism had come from and also when we see the news team interview locals on their thoughts about the three missing civil rights workers. Through the dialogue we understand in peoples own views and their own words of what they really think. This is vital for any viewer to understand how bad the racism was that took place back in the 1960’s. It also gives us factual information of where it comes from (the bible, Genesis 9, Verse 27). This idea is relevant today as we see racism through cults and groups who feel they need to discriminate others because that’s what they think is right, and is what they have been taught thei r whole life. These extremists and white supremacist groups and individuals are still alive and healthy today. Christchurch saw what was said to be the largest white nationalist march ever in New Zealand. Because many people believed that racism is right, we can see that this has been passed on through the years and is definitely relevant in todays society. We see how this can happen in the film, like I said before, when Mrs Pell talks to Anderson and she tells us, â€Å"Hatred isn’t something we are born with, it gets taught. At school they said segregation is what’s said in the bible. Genesis 9, Verse 27. At seven years of age you get toldShow MoreRelated Mississippi Burning Essay576 Words   |  3 PagesMississippi Burning Mississippi Burning is a gruesome reminder of some of the pain and hardship that African Americans in the South dealt with because of their skin color. If your skin color was anything other than white, then you were classified as dirty, impure, ugly, and all the degrading names you can find. Having colored skin subjected you to racism and hate crimes as portrayed by the sheriffs and the Ku Klux Klan’s in the movie. The depictions in this movie showed only a small fractionRead MoreMississippi Burning Character Essay2000 Words   |  8 PagesMississippi Burning character essay In the film â€Å"Mississippi Burning†, directed by Alan Parker, characterisation is employed very effectively to illuminate the themes of tolerance and social change in the southern United States in the 1960s. Parker uses the buddy/buddy formula through Ward and Anderson to act as a focal point for the plot; as well as being an analogy for the greater conflict in society, in that they have polar opposite personality traits and initially cannot stand each other, butRead More mississippi burning trial Essay2239 Words   |  9 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Mississippi Burning Trial† was not for the cold-blooded murders of three young civil rights workers, but rather for the violation of their civil rights. The federal government wanted to break Mississippi’s â€Å"white supremacy† stronghold on the South. â€Å"The Mississippi Burning Trial† proved to be the opportunity to do so. The three branches of the federal government and their various depa rtments were actively involved in bringing about this civil rights trial in Mississippi and these activitiesRead MoreMississippi Burning by Allan Parker - Analytical Essay: (Racism and Prejudice)1097 Words   |  5 PagesMississippi Burning – Analytical Essay Mississippi Burning, directed by Allan Parker, is set in the state of Mississippi, 1964. In this film, Parker shows that he feels sorry for black people, by strongly portraying the levels of racism and injustice towards negroes, which was implemented by white people (the Ku Klux Klan in particular) within the state. The Ku Klux Klan was a group of white people who believed that negroes were filth, and that they didn’t deserve to live equally among whiteRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Mississippi Burning Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesAnalytical Essay Introduction The movie Mississippi Burning (Colesberry, Zollo, Parker, 1988) and the reading, â€Å"Narratives of Redemption† (Romano, 2006) are very similar in their portrayal of white intervention and the responsibility held in racism and prejudice prevention. This viewpoint places whites on a pedestal and also on the side of loathing, while African-Americans sit back and watch as helpless victims make an effort towards change, but can not do anything to stop the terrible thingsRead MoreBarn Burning By William Faulkner935 Words   |  4 Pages William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning,† is about a southern white family that resides in a rural county in Mississippi. The low-income family members are the mother Lennie Snopes, the older brother, two sisters, and an aunt. The story’s main characters are, Colonel Sartoris Snopes, a 10- year-old boy, the father Abner Snopes, the property owner Abner’s boss Major de Spain, and his wife, Mrs. Lula de Spain. Abner Snopes characterized as the antagonist, and Faulkner describes him as an evil, vengeful manRead More Racism versus Civil Rights Movement Essay examples1446 Words   |  6 Pageswas black civil rights. In my essay I plan to compare the difference of opinion between these particular writers and directors, towards racism and the civil rights movement in the 1960s The movement truly got underway with civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King jr. and Malcolm X in the early 1960s. Students who wanted to bolt on the equality and protest bandwagon quickly followed. Most of the students went to the Southern states (Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, etc.), toRead MoreComparing How Sherwood Anderson, William Faulkner, And Or Willa Cather Portray Aspects Of Small-Town Life1493 Words   |  6 Pages The writings are not much chronological in natural history but more like folklore(Volpe, 93). The story title is The Town small town Mississippi where the characters completely explore many themes in the novel, and they represent author s life. The story is self-contained where Flem Snopes is struggling ruthlessly to take over the town of Jefferson, Mississippi. The themes of both the writers are not restricted to any specific place or time, but they touch the worldwide human emotions and needsRead MorePolar Ice Caps Melting1033 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay I express how the melting of the polar ice caps in the North Pole is affecting the survival of habitats of organisms around the world. The common misconception is that only polar bears are suffering from global warming. Because of rapid climate change in multiple areas around the globe, many organisms are unable to live in their normal habitat. They are unable to adapt to these new conditions as fast as they are changing. There are many effects of global warming that is affecting theRead More Animal Symbolism in Native Son by Richard Wright Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagessees Bigger put Mary in the furnace.   ?The cat becomes a constant reminder to Bigger of his guilt and fear of discovery? (Kinnamon 124).   He sees the accusations of the white world in the cats all-knowing ey es.   A noise made him whirl; two green burning pools-pools of accusation and guilt-stared at him from a white blur that sat perched upon the edge of the trunk.   His mouth opened in a silent scream and his body became hotly paralyzed.   It was the white cat and his round green eyes gazed hotly past

The Use Of Gmo Foods - 1279 Words

The use of GMO s Biotechnology offers a variety of potential benefits and risks. It enhanced the food production by making plants less vulnerable to drought, frost, insects, and viruses and by enabling plants to compete more effectively against weeds for soil nutrients. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are defined as organisms (except for human beings) in which the genetic material has been altered in a way which doesn t occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. GMO s have widespread applications as they are used in biological and medical research, production of pharmaceutical drugs, experimental medicine, and agriculture. The use of gene technology in food production has become interesting due to increased needs of food as well as its improved quality with the application of gene technology to plants and animals, goals can be achieved more quickly than by traditional selection. Consequently, ethical dilemmas are opened concerning the eventual negative effects of production of gene tically modified food. It seems that supplementation of nutraceuticals and wild foods as well as wild lifestyle may be protective, whereas western diet and lifestyle may enhance the expression of genes related to chronic diseases. In a few cases, it has also improved the quality and nutrition of foods by altering their composition. However, the use of biotechnology has also raised concerns about its potential risks to the environment and humans health. For example, someShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Gmo Foods1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of GMO s Biotechnology offers a variety of potential benefits and risks. It enhanced the food production by making plants less vulnerable to drought, frost, insects, and viruses and by enabling plants to compete more effectively against weeds for soil nutrients. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are defined as organisms (except for human beings) in which the genetic material has been altered in a way which doesn t occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. GMO s haveRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods And Seeds1590 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the continuous use of chemicals, preservatives and processing of foods, the connection between nature and one s plate has been abandoned. GMOs or genetically modified organisms have been another key factor into the nation’s struggle. These modified foods and seeds were created with the future of the food industry in mind, yet they have been proven to create harmful effects. GMOs have been at the root of the major food issues wit hin America. The use of GMOs within the food industry needs to declineRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gmos849 Words   |  4 Pagescontamination of everyday foods. Americans are especially concerned about Genetically Modified Organisms. So, are they good or not? According to NewsELA, PRO/CON: Is it time to label GMO foods? GMO foods? Andrew Pollackmays Genetically Engineered Crops are Safe, Analysis Finds, and Janet Renees Benefits you get from a GMO they talk about the merits and the demerits of GMO crops. GMOs are plant or animal products that have been reengineered in a lab. Scientists use the DNA of bacteria, virusesRead MoreShould Labeling be Required for GMOs? Essays1218 Words   |  5 PagesShould Labeling be Required for GMOs? The debate over genetically modified foods continues to haunt producers and consumers alike. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are foods that have been modified through bioengineering to possess certain characteristics. These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or increased nutritional content (Whitman, 2000). The debate continues to grow as to whether these genetically altered foodstuffsRead MoreEffects Of Pesticides On The Health Of An Individual1747 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough there are given benefits to the use of GMOs for crop production, such as the longer lasting produce, easier farming, and more appealing crops. We also see a negative affect to the ways in which GMOs can affect the health of an individual. The use of pesticides to kill off any insect that would instead be eating the crops, have immune qualities and thus the dosages of these pesticide are being increased more every season. An example of how pesticides are used in farming today is with theRead MoreThe World Is Witnessing A Food Revolution1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe world is witnessing a food revolution. Man s way of producing food has evolved from hunting and gathering to conventional farming, to now using genetic engineering to produce GMOs, otherwise known as Genetically Modified Organisms. Genetically modified foods are a topic of controversy among many in the United States and around the world today. Debates arise regarding the use of GMOs and the safety of them, but what exactly is a GMO? GMOs are crops whose genes have been artificially manipulatedRead MoreProposal For A New Food Law1274 Words   |  6 Pagesmanufacturing organic, non-GMO foods. Organics’R’us is known for their food around the world, and prides themselves on creating safe, and readily available foods for many different people. Organics’R’us has recently become concerned with the actions of the government i n passing a new food law. This new food law would require a food company to lab their food with a QR code that people would then scan to find out if a specific product contains genetically modified organisms (GMOs). As a company, we feelRead MoreThe Us Without Gmo Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pages The US without GMO GMOs, (genetically modified organisms) have been a topic of interest in the social eyes for years. Since they’ve been created, many people have voiced and written about their opinions on GMOs, and whether they are dangerous or not. Created to expand the genetic diversity of crops and animals, many don’t know whether GMOs are good or bad, and neither do researchers. Though there hasn’t been any evidence claiming whether GMOs are good or bad, it has certainly not stopped theRead MoreDetecting Genetically Modified Organisms in Food Samples1193 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) is organisms whose genetic makeup has been altered through recombinant DNA technology, thus producing something different from the species. There exist various examples of genetically tailored organisms comparing transgenic animals, plants, fish, as well as microorganisms like parasites, fungi and bacteria. A particular example would be an introduction of the insulin g ene of human into E. coli to give rise to human insulin. Nowadays, GMOs are developing and being usedRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1420 Words   |  6 Pagesthe foods Americans consume today are unhealthy and harmful to the human body. Many foods available are not natural or â€Å"real† because they are genetically modified. 80% of the food we consume are processed and genetically modified. Genetically modified foods are created from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs are plants or animals that have been genetically engineered with DNA from bacteria, viruses, and other plant and animals. GMOs are used because it enhance the flavor of foods, extends

Unit Title Principles of Health and Social Care Practice free essay sample

There are many department in health and social care, there are provides health care practices in various different of organisations by considering the philosophy of care that provide the rights of the patient. The care practice provides the great support to the patient by providing their protection and make sure they are safe in all aspects of the care organisation and service. The philosophy of care they recognise the benefits of the patient through on agreed care plan that reflect the individual needs of the patient upon an individual assessment through person centred approach. The career bring the good support to the patient by resolving their dilemmas and conflict within the implementation of the practices as per the legislation, regulations, policies, charters and code of conduct in place in the several types of organisation. All help the support a career bring to the patients are value and principles that are implemented within mutually agreeable. . 1 Explain how principles of support are applied to ensure that individuals are cared for in health and social care practice. They are 5 principles in health and social care practices: confidentiality, communications, promoting antidiscrimination practice, rights, and also acknowledging individuals believe and identities. Confidentiality is very important in health and social care, because its private information, no patient wants their records on show for everyone to see. Plus, I think the amount of patients would decrease because people would then be scared to seek help. Confidentiality is a human right. Some people are really personal and keep themselves to themselves, while others tell everyone and the world about themselves. People have different ideas and different ways of doing things and we should respect and celebrate the differences that people bring with them having the same value and rights as other. Equal access and equal chances to achieve and get the same things as others in society. 1. 2 Outline the procedure for protecting client, patients and colleagues from harm. Hazard is anything around people that can cause them injury or harm or is obstacle which can occur be everywhere or anywhere. It can be physical, chemical, biological, psychological or social. Avoiding the people to stay in main entrance; ensure that nothing can distribute people in main entrance; avoid the materials around the main entrance; Having adequate infection and disease control inside the Residential Home Care; A check up should be done every six months to all care workers and clients who attend Residential Care Home to make sure everybody is in good condition. It is required to take precaution and apply the measures of basic hygiene, disinfection and sterilisation. For example: the staffs need to wash hands every time they do their work and have to be like routine task; They must to wear gloves when they are assisting clients, for their personal needs (toiletry, bathing, washing, shower, changing nappies or dressing) and they have to clean correctly the used material. 1. 3 Analyse the benefit of following a person approach with users of health and social care services. Once health service and social service are working in partnerships, the person who received the services will have a lot of advantages. The service user is in the central of them, and each service will behave in a professional method to the service user, that why they will put together the diverse ability and knowledge for the advantage of the service user. The reason of working in partnership is Holistic approach, promote integration, reduce duplication, pool resources, maximize expertise, and ensure a consistent approach. Protect the services user from abuse, because each service will treat her as an individual and with respect. To build teams and to work in them, there needs to be clarity of what is expected of team members. Whatever roles individuals have within the practice team, others will have certain expectations. These expectations relate to how the role is perceived and the assumptions made about that role. Tension and conflict can arise if others are unclear about an individuals role or if they cannot make clear distinctions between roles and responsibilities of others. . 4 Explains ethical dilemmas and conflict that may arise when providing care, support and protection to users’ health and social care service Health care For example ; if the patient not happy about the doctor(he/she ) change is medication, this is a cold conflict because she/ he not happy. for examples if a patients does not speak English very well that might lead to lack of treatment or lead to misunderstanding care worker’s language. That might be a barrier to explain her sickness or situation to the many people. She might not communicate properly or explain everything on the front of people who she/he did not know before. It could be a barrier for her/him to be open. She/he might not be able to read the leaflets, maps or signs direction that present to the hospital that should direct her/him to find ways or destinations. She/he might lost or point to the wrong place and stays there for long without treatment because of lack of language and she might miss lot of opportunities because of lack of language. The resolution of conflict cannot rest in the hands of one or two individuals. All stakeholders in a situation must be involvedfor legal as well as ethical reasons. Medical decisions often involve a multidisciplinary team that consists of some or all of the following: patient, family, significant others, nurses, dieticians, social workers, psychologists, physical therapists, clergy, and so forth. In this way, the knowledge, opinions, and expertise of all stakeholders in the decisions are considered. The same principle can be applied in business, with decisions based on the expressed viewpoints of all stakeholders in a given situationeven indirect stakeholders. Potential clients should also be recognized as stakeholders because their choice to do business with a firm may be based on the firms reputation for ethical behaviour.

Mechanism of Labor free essay sample

A good midwife will always aid in conduction of a vaginal delivery and not hastily conduct it without knowing about the mechanism that is occurring inside the pelvis. Hence it is very essential to learn about mechanism of normal labor, its principles and steps to distinguish it from an abnormal one Definition: The series of movements that occur on the head in the process of adaptation, during its journey through the pelvis, is called mechanism of labor. 1 Principles The principles are common to all mechanisms 1. Descent occurs throughout 2. The part that leads and first meets the resistance of the pelvic floor will rotate until comes under the symphysis pubis 3. The part that escapes under the symphysis pubis will pivot around the pubic bone 4. During the mechanism, the fetus turns slightly to take advantage of the widest available space in each plane of the pelvis, i. e. transverse at the brim and antero-posterior at the outlet 2 Mechanism In normal labor, the head enters the brim more commonly through the available transverse diameter and to a lesser extent through one of the oblique diameters. We will write a custom essay sample on Mechanism of Labor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Accordingly, the position is either Occipito lateral or oblique Occipito anterior. The left Occipito anterior position is commoner than the right Occipito anterior position as the left Occipito diameter is encroached by the rectum. 1 The engaging antero-posterior diameter of the skull is suboccipito bregmatic (9. 5 cm) and the engaging transverse diameter is biparietal 9. 5 cm. 1 As the Occipito Anterior position is the commonest the mechanism of labor will be described for Left Occipito Anterior or Right Occipito Anterior position When the fetus presents in left or right Occipito anterior position the way the fetus is normally situated can be described as follows: * The lie is longitudinal * The presentation is cephalic * The position is ROA or LOA * The attitude is one of flexion * The denominator is the occiput * The presenting part is the posterior part of the anterior parietal bone 2 Positional movements There are several basic positional movements which take place when the fetus is in a cephalic vertex presentation. These are as follows: 1. Engagement 2. Descent throughout 3. Flexion 4. Internal rotation of the head 5. Crowning 6. Delivery of the head by extension 7. Restitution 8. Internal rotation of the shoulders 9. External rotation of the head 10. Birth of the shoulders and body by lateral flexion Although the mechanisms of labor are listed separately, some of these overlap or occur simultaneously (internal rotation of the shoulders and external rotation of the head) 1. Engagement Engagement takes place when the biparietal diameter of the fetal head has passed through the pelvic inlet. In primigravidae, it usually occurs during the latter weeks of pregnancy. In multigravidae, as the muscle tone is lax engagement may not occur until labor actually begins. 2. Descent Descent occurs throughout the mechanisms of labor and is therefore both requisite to and simultaneous with other mechanisms. Descent is a result of a number of forces including contractions and maternal pushing effort with contraction of her abdominal muscles 3. Flexion Flexion is essential to further descent. The pressure exerted down the feta l axis will be transmitted to the occiput. The effect is to increase flexion, which results in the substitution of the smaller suboccipito bregmatic diameter 9. 5 cm. the occiput becomes the leading part. Flexion occurs when the fetal head meets the pelvic floor resistance which increases with descend. 4. Internal rotation of the head Internal rotation brings the anteroposterior diameter of the fetal head into alignment with the anteroposterior diameter of the maternal pelvis. This is accomplished by rotation of the occiput to the anterior portion of the maternal pelvis. In a well flexed vertex presentation, the occiput leads and meets the pelvic floor first and rotates anteriorly through one- eighth of a circle (45 degrees) this causes a slight twist in the neck of the fetus, as the head is no longer in direct alignment with the shoulders. As the fetal head now lies in the widest (anteroposterior) diameter of the pelvic outlet, an easy escape is facilitated. The occiput slips under the pubic arch and crowning occurs when the head no longer recedes between contractions and the widest transverse diameter i. e. biparietal is born. 5. Crowning After internal rotation of the head further descent occurs until the subocciput lies underneath the pubic arch. At this stage, the maximum diameter of the head (biparietal diameter) stretches the vulval outlet without any recession of the head even after the contraction is over. This is called â€Å"crowning of the head†. 6. Delivery of the head by extension Once crowning has occurred, fetal head can extend. The suboccipital region impinges under the symphysis pubis and acts as a pivotal point. The fetal head is now positioned so that further pressure from the contracting uterus and maternal pushing serves to further extend the head as the vaginal orifice opens. A couple of forces act on the fetal head. The driving force pushes the head in a downward direction while the pelvic floor offers a esistance in the upward and forward direction. The downward and upward forces neutralize and remaining forward thrust helps in extension. The successive parts of the fetal head to be born through the stretched vulval outlet are vertex, brow and face. 7. Restitution It is the visible passive movement of the head due to untwisting of the neck sustained during internal rotation. With restitution the occiput moves 45 degrees or one eighth of a circle towards the side from which it started and is again in alignment with the shoulders1 8. Internal rotation of shoulders The anterior shoulder reaches the pelvic floor and rotates anteriorly by one eighth of a circle. The shoulders come to lie in the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet 9. External rotation of the head External rotation of the head occurs as the shoulders rotate 45 degrees internally causing the head to rotate another 45 degrees. The movement can be seen clearly as the head turns at the same time. External rotation occurs in the same direction as restitution. 10. Birth of the shoulders and body by lateral flexion The anterior shoulder comes into view at the vaginal orifice, where it impinges under the symphysis pubis, while the posterior shoulder distends the perineum. This enables a smaller diameter to distend the vaginal orifice than if both the shoulders were born simultaneously. After the shoulders are delivered, the remainder of the body is born by lateral flexion. The mechanism of labor is different for different positions. Most of the movements in the mechanism occur simultaneously and at times may not be clearly visible during the delivery. Hence the midwife should be very careful and cautious and keep in mind the steps of normal mechanism of labor while conducting delivery References 1. D. C Dutta, Textbook of Obstetrics, 6th Edition, New Central Book Agency, Calcutta 2004, Pp: 125-129 2. Annamma Jacob, A Comprehensive Textbook of Midwifery, 2nd Edition, Jaypee brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2009, Pp :187-190 3. www. wingkingskull. com cited on 31st January 2012 4. http://pregnancy. about. com/od/laborbasics/ss/fetalpositions_2. htm cited on 27th January 2012

Realism vs. Liberalism

Realism vs. Liberalism Turn Memo 1: In international relations, two theories are mostly employed in analyzing major issues in politics. Realism and idealism are the two major theories. Idealism is a theory that was first supported by the US president after the Second World War. The theory observes that there are many actors in the international system. The state is not the only actor because other units, such as religious organizations, Multinational Organizations, and supranational organizations exist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Realism vs. Liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The state does not have massive powers as far as policy formulation is concerned. For instance, Multinational Organizations influence the policy formulation among the Less Developed Countries. Moreover, religious organizations are known to influence the behavior of states in a number of ways (Lamy 78). An example is given in Poland during the Cold War wh en John Paul II influenced leaders to abandon communism in favor of capitalism. In this regard, it can be observed that Catholic played a critical role in influencing leaders to keep off from the communism. In the international system, the United Nations plays an important role in influencing the foreign behavior of states. For instance, the UN Security Council can impose sanctions to a sovereign state. In Libya, the UN Security Council imposed a no fly zone sanction to the sovereign state because it is the main actor. In contrary, realists observe that the only actor in the international system is the state. The state has the power to formulate foreign policies without consulting any other entity. For instance, the state should not consult the populace before making foreign policies because foreign policy formulation process is considered high politics. In this case, other actors exist to temper with the sovereignty of the state because they should not be involved in the process. R ealists claim that states have the powers to either support or oppose global decisions. It is the responsibility of the state to decide whether to support a policy or not. Moreover, the state confers nationality to individuals. Without the state, an individual cannot move from one corner of the world to the other. The state has established structures that facilitate world security. Turn memo 2: Liberalists observe that there are many actors in the international system. The international system is a community of both states and human beings. The foreign policy should recognize all actors. In this case, the role of other actors must be recognized. As states struggle to accomplish their missions, they must prioritize their goals.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Those goals that aim at fulfilling the common interests should be pursued first as opposed to the goals that accomplish individual interests. Foreign policy formulation should be based on morality. Moreover, it must be based on internationally recognized codes and morals. This is the reason why states intervene militarily whenever human rights are violated. This shows that liberalists value universal interests as opposed to national interests. Hoffman noted that states have a duty beyond their borders. For instance, a state should ensure that the rights of other individuals are not violated, irrespective of whether the individuals are citizens its citizens. Liberalists emphasize human rights meaning that they must always be taken into consideration whenever foreign policies are formulated. To liberalists, the end does not justify the means because leaders must be held accountable at every decision they make. Liberalists are prescriptive implying that foreign policy should be reflective (Mansbach 89). On the other hand, realists observe that the unit of analysis is the state. The inter national system dictates to the state what should be done. In other words, changes in the international system dictate foreign policies. In this regard, the international system is anarchic meaning that it lacks the central authority. Each state is concerned with its own security. States are preoccupied with national interests, not collective security. Therefore, the state will always prioritize its interests. Realists believe that the end will always justify the means. Turn memo 3: To liberalists, the international system is characterized by cooperation. This explains why the US could provide aid to its adversaries such as Japan and Russia during calamities. In the international system, law is respected because it dictates what ought to be done. For instance, states will always cooperate to fight the common enemy. For example, states struggle to achieve peace through nuclear disarmament programs. In the current international system, many states are members of world organizations su ch as the World Trade Organizations and the Atomic Agency. The main aim is to achieve peace and order (Masker 12). To realists, the international system is characterized by brutality and mistrust. In this case, the international system is anarchic implying that some states are powerful than others. The less powerful states are usually subjugated and oppressed. The powerful states control policy formulation at the global arena. For instance, the powerful states control important organizations such as the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. The powerful states use the world organizations to achieve their national interests. The United Nations and the World Trade Organization exist as far as the US would permit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Realism vs. Liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lamy, Steven. Introduction to Global Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print. Mansbach, and K. Rafferty. Introduction to Global Politics. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007. Print. Masker, John . Introduction to Global Politics: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.

Addressing Emotions with Revenge and Retaliation in The Crucible, a Play by Arthur Miller

Addressing Emotions with Revenge and Retaliation in The Crucible, a Play by Arthur Miller Revenge and Retaliation Spite, revenge and curiosity can all be deadly sins. Unfortunately, The Crucible’s Ann Putnam gives up her soul to all three. In the Puritan community of Salem, Massachusetts, such contemptuous actions can create complications. Goody Putnam is described as â€Å" a twisted soul of forty-five, a death-ridden woman, haunted by dreams, â€Å" (Miller 1.152-153). Her tangled past motivates her to reach out to the deceased, paving the way for the detestable witch trials. In 1692, there could be no greater perturbation than being controlled by the devil. Ann Putnam is the root of this delirium implanted in Salem citizens. She sends Ruth to conjure up spirits and continues to proclaim the infection of witchcraft, which only energizes the hysteria. Suspicion takes over Ann’s conscience after seven of her children are born with pale faces and no heartbeat. Answers are desired, with desperation to know why such tragic events have been occurring. Goody Putnam comes up with a specious conclusion, that a person has been conspiring with devil to rid Ann of her children. In attempts to reach closure, Ann sends her daughter, Ruth, to summon the spirits of her dead children. This is done in hopes to apprehend the person who has been exterminating her children. She admits to doing this, justifying it by saying, â€Å"Reverend Parris, I have laid seven babies unbaptized in the earth, â€Å" (Miller 1.214-215). She uses this as an excuse for the many problems that she will soon be causing. As a Puritan, having children that are not baptized is basically deemed as a sin itself. With these words, although, she creates a whole other issue. After sending Ruth to communicate with her babies, Ruth became exceedingly ill. Naturally, Mrs. Putnam decides to tell several people that she would â€Å" not call it sick; the Devil’s touch is heavier than sick. It’s death, y’know, it’s death drivin’ into them, forked and hoofed, â€Å" (Miller 1.180-183). By stating this, Ann Putnam becomes the first person to declare the infestation of witchcraft. With this allegation, there is an array of results. Other people are dragged into the picture, like Reverend Hale, the expert of witchcraft, and Abigail Williams, the expert of false accusations. To summarize, because of her proclamation, traumatic times are rapidly reached. It may seem as if Mrs. Putnam is innocent. After her confessions, she never continued to take part in the court or the excessive accusations. However, this does not justify for all of the other quandaries she created. For example, if she wouldn’t have proclaimed witchcraft, Abigail would not have started accusing people of working with Lucifer. Also, if she wouldn’t have suggested witchcraft, Reverend Hale would not have been dragged into the picture.The accusations resulted in the formation of the court and the massacre of numerous innocent people. The majority of the events during the Salem Witch Trials can easily be traced back to Goody Putnam, a sure sign of her guilt. Revenge and retaliation may seem like a plausible way to address emotions from prior calamities. It’s not. Miller demonstrates the fallacy of such ideas through Ann Putnam. She had the audacity to make outrageous claims based on her inability to mother healthy children. Despite the loss of so many children, Ann decides to risk Ruth in her quest for answers and revenge. As a result, she unwittingly initiated the first act of witchcraft. She initiates a series of divisive trials and senseless murders, all in the name of witchcraft. It’s clear to most that personal desires cannot come before the well-being of everyone. Sadly, this wasn’t evident to Ann Putnam. She only fractured her soul more while tearing apart the community.

Societal Issues in The Lord of the Flies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Societal Issues in The Lord of the Flies - Essay Example Right and wrong begin to fall to the wayside with the introduction of the hunt. Jack uses clay to disguise his face and trick the pigs, changing the visual representation of himself, moving further from society and rendering himself unrecognizable. Both Ralph and Jack still have some connection to the past, but Jack is moving away from it to create his own world governed by the laws of hunting and survival. Without any adults on the island, the boys must learn to govern themselves; however, problems ensue.The youngest, the least influenced by society, are the first to run away, the first to show anarchy and the breakdown of societal control. The boys give up the chance for rescue for the chance to kill. Their value system has shifted significantly. The degradation of the natural world through burning fires or killing pigs mirrors the breakdown of the boys' socialized humanity. Roger throws stones near one of the younger boys, Henry.He aims a few yards away, still following the laws of society.Civilization forces him to limit his primitive violent instincts, but these constraints no longer fetter him by the end of the novel.

Revoltionary War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revoltionary War - Essay Example The preliminary development of British was to invade Hudson Valley, as New York was crucial place to fight. The internal clashes between British Generals gave enough time to the American forces to formulate decisive battle strategy. Along the Hudson River, American forces established their defensive camps. It is known as Bemis Heights. The standings of Americans on Hudson River were dominant as they built their camps on height. The shortage of supplies was a big problem for the British forces. The strategic positioning of American forces was the turning point of this battle. The British plan was to bring armed forces from the North Side of New York. The British commanders believed that they will not only separate New England from American Colonies but they will also take in charge of Hudson Valley. British troops led by General Burgoyne, had to take strong place on the river because their supplies were coming from that region. Americans had full control over the river due to which British were trap. The shortage of supplies created chaos among the British2. To slow down British advances, Americans designed small group of troops to attack British from different regions. Burgoyne formulated another arrangement to chuck out American forces, but Americans sooner recognized British plans. British forces waited for help from New York City but got no response. Fierce fighting took place in which British and their allies faced historic defeat. Burgoyne was left with no option except escaping from these dreadful circumstances. They were unable to flee as General Gates army encircled British forces. Burgoyne had no other option left except to surrender on 17th October, 17773. The strategic planning of Americans and their allies led to this astonishing victory. The American Commodores also had slight disagreements with their allies core commanders, but they settled sooner. The positioning on Hudson River changed the

Use of Symbolism in Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman Essays

   Arthur Miller is recognized as an important and influential playwright, not to mention essayist and novelist. Although he has had plenty of luck in his writing career, his fame is the product of his ingenious ability to control what he wants his readers to picture or feel. As one of his critics states, "Miller writes ingeniously, conveying the message that 'if the proper study of mankind is man, man's inescapable problem is himself (Broussard, 306).'" Miller accurately puts into words what every person thinks, feels, or worries about, but often has trouble expressing. By the use of symbolism, Arthur Miller portrays Willy's (along with the other Lowmans') problems with family life, the society, and himself in Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller is an interesting author in the sense that many of his plays reflect or are a product of events in his life. He was born in 1915 in New York City and was the son of a successful businessman, up until the Great Depression when his father lost most of his wealth. This greatly impacts Miller's life, and influences the themes for many of his future writings. To make ends meet at home, Miller worked as a truck driver, a warehouse clerk, and a cargo-mover; consequently, these odd jobs bring him close to the working-class type people that will later be the basis of many characters in his plays. It is while he is involving himself in these jobs that Miller forms his love for literature; he is greatly impressed by Fyodor Dostoevski's The Brothers Karamazov because it questions the unspoken rules of society, a concept he often wondered about, especially after the Great Depression. He believes that American society needed to be made over; for this reason, many of his earlier plays show sympathetic portrayals and compassionate characterizations of his characters. In 1956, Miller marries the eminent Marilyn Monroe. This event significantly affects his writing in that he focuses on female characters more than he had formerly. He also looked back at his prefigured themes in past stories and expanded or reconsidered them (Martin, 1336-7). Clearly, the roots of his works are the result of important events from his past experiences. Death of a Salesman is a play relating to the events leading to the downfall of Willy Loman, an aging salesman who is at one time prosperous, but is now approaching the end of his usefulness (Atkinson, 305).

Classic 45c Notes

* Female by nature, not by law†¦are supposed to be obedient†¦ruled by men†¦there’s something unnatural about what Antigone is doing†¦. * This play is about gender also * Ismene =ideal woman * Women should be silent and Ismene voices that * Women should be sensible, should be ruled by men * Greek audience at the time is supposed to hate Antigone * Creon he wants to see himself as voicing the opinions of the gods†¦ Antigone also says that she’s working for the divine†¦and that complicates things * Creon stands for the city He aligns his authority with the authority of the gods * He doesn’t think of himself of going against the gods * He has taken over and summoned the people and asked them how he rules†¦.. how does he rule? Notice how he likes public speaking! When the city is suffering†¦. when the city is in trouble, you shouldn’t be silent * The city is at this point in a kind of danger that Creon does not see yet. H e will see it later on†¦. if the city is suffering he wants the people to speak up and take action†¦. he’s not talking about Antigone of course†¦. but she’s doing just that†¦. Loyalty is to the state! Not to another human being! * And yet at the end of the play, to whom does he show loyalty HIS SON * These are his values and he does not abide by his values†¦ * It is not in a way family vs. state†¦. it is family vs. Creon state†¦. this is the state that Creon is organizing†¦.. why does this state have to fall? Not state in general†¦. keep that in mind†¦ * He wants us to see the proclamation coming up is in harmony†¦.. he’s inviting us to see the proclamation: Eteocles will be buried in his grave while Polyneices will not be buried†¦. he is not to be mourned†¦.. Creon uses the future ( Eteocles SHALL BE BURIED†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦) * Antigone uses the past * Another thing we noticed is the cruelty of the ki ng ( you shall watch him chewed up )†¦something that we see rot, devoured, we see the body, he doesn’t belong with the living †¦. or the dead†¦what happens when the body becomes food for the animals * The idea that we’re supposed to watch someone rot, take delight in it†¦. * Someone is going to violate the proclamation, we don’t know who is the criminal†¦we are looking for the identity of the person who has violated the law†¦. what is the crime It looks almost miraculous, someone sprinkled dust over the body and buried it without leaving any marks†¦.. or traces†¦as if the body was visited from above * Chorus wonders if it’s the god’s doings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and Creon loses it when the Chorus says that! * Here’s Creon is arrogant, how can a man know what the gods want? * Both characters act in a way that they think the gods want them to do†¦. * Creon thinks he’s doing all this to please the gods Creon cannot believe that Antigone did the burial†¦. She is his niece and a woman! :O Notice that he’s interrogating and asking for the truth just like Oedipus * Nature is assisting Antigone†¦. ature participates in the events†¦mimicking what Antigone was gonna do with her own hands.. * The dust rising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦she was about to finish the ritual but then someone removed the dust off the body the second time she visited the body * Why does Antigone abide by the laws of the gods? They are there forever†¦. * Human laws like everything human, are subject to change * Antigone is basically saying Creon’s worthless cause once someone comes after you to rule, things will change * Antigone’s demise and Creon’s demise * Both will have terrible ends Creon thinks that he has supreme power over her, and that power is to kill her†¦. according to the proclamation, whoever †¦they will be stoned to death in public,†¦fate given to he r by man†¦. gender roles is very important * Antigone tries to weaken his powers by put down his laws†¦. saying that his laws are not strong as the gods cause they were there forever†¦whereas his laws are only in effect in his reign†¦. that is one way * Second way is saying that I know I will die†¦. even if you are not the one putting me to death, I will die anyways†¦.. by saying that, she is robbing away of his power†¦. ssentially Creon is only a guy killing her†¦but her death is just gonna come to us†¦. death is part of the universe†¦what makes a difference is that we die naturally or someone is killing us†¦. * And creon’s reaction to antigone’s words is that he’s being lectured by a woman†¦ * Creon’s the man, so therefore he needs to teach this subordinate woman how to behave†¦. * He seems to think that whatever he believes is what the gods and how their people want†¦. identifies the ir wishes with what they think others wishes also * Ismene comes out, shy, obedient, at the end of theplay changes her mind and wants to die with Antigone†¦.. he had a real change of mind namely she saw that what she wanted in the beginning of the play when she was called cowardly†¦. her decision is as cowardly now namely that now she wants to be accused of the burial †¦is that she doesn’t want to be left alone†¦ * LONLINESS†¦. that’s another theme of the play * Antigone enjoys the support of the citizens but dies alone in a tomb * Creon is loathed by his citizens and is also alone when his family is no longer alive†¦he is ruling a kingdom and no one respects him†¦thought to be a corrupt king * Ismene doesn’t want to be alone†¦.. Creon changed his mind so that DEATH is killing her†¦and not him†¦so DEATH will kill Antigone and not Creon himself and that is an act of cowardice†¦. some of the characteristics tr ansfer to other characters * Haemon and exchange between father and son * Antigone is very much the daughter of Oedipus†¦.. Antigone and Haemon never talks†¦or interacts†¦. they never will come together†¦so son goes to talk to his father * What seems to matter to Creon more than anything else is obedience†¦power relationships†¦someone is obeying someone else†¦. e demands obedience from his sons and his subjects†¦ruling both state and family in the same way†¦. he does not differentiate the family and the state†¦.. in EVERYTHING†¦. small and just things and unjust things.. bigs.. that is the problem†¦. it is NOT family vs. state! It’s actually family vs. tyranny / Creon’s state†¦. * Is Creon disobedient? Does he violate his own principle? Yes he is disobedient to himself to his own proclamation†¦. this is to be contrasted to Oedipus†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦what Creon does when Tiresias comes forth†¦.. he cha nges his mind and does something different†¦. he actually tries to save Antigone to which he has condemned her†¦.. Creon thinks that both his family and city as his possession * He does rule the land at someone else’s judgement in the end†¦. by Tiresias †¦.. CONTRADICTIONS AND INCONSISTANCIES†¦. * He is not changing his principles†¦. but the change in action was for personal gain! Had he saved in Antigone, it’s doubtful for him to change his ruling if she even lived†¦. * Unmarried women are put to death in marriage gown†¦.. marrying dead kind of a ritual and so Antigone’s addressing the tomb as the bridal chamber†¦.. she’s having sex with Death, that’s her husband from now on.The idea is that DUE BRIDAL CHAMBER†¦already an emphasis on DEATH, not Haemon†¦ * To die if she so wishes or live†¦. how can she live?! SHE CANNOT LIVE†¦. she does NOT wish to die!!†¦. Creon wants a clean co nscience†¦. he makes it sound like whether Antigone dies or lives, it is up to her or the gods, he has nothing to do with it†¦.. * Antigone put in the tomb, locked inside, left there to die†¦. Polynices and he is not in his tomb†¦notice the unnatural of things†¦a living person taken into tomb†¦. not dead yet†¦a corpse is left outside left to rot†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Rituals are important the gods will not listen to the chorus cause of Creon’s past * protecting, shielding himself!†¦ he wants to keep Haemon so he can stay in his throne†¦. not for the sake of his son, it’s for himself†¦ * they might belong to different realms cause Creon does not see what’s going on inside the cave/tomb * Haemon is embracing Antigone, and Creon is asking him to join his father†¦. he would be saying bye to Antigone and joining the father, and also joining the political succession of his father and no love†¦. so what does he doâ € ¦he attempts to kill the father with his swords but fails†¦and cannot touch the father†¦. o far away and even the attempt fails,†¦so the father is still the king and Haemon †¦.. he no longer belongs to anyone†¦. disowns his father†¦. he does not belong with death yet†¦. he leans on the sword (phallic symbol) and kills himself†¦. FULFILLMENT of marriage †¦.. sexual union with Antigone†¦. sword is the phallic that enters him†¦blood is of the woman†¦.. once blood starts coming out, blood drops fall on her white cheeks, break of hymen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Antigone has never been touched by anybody†¦. Haemon’s body receives the wound * Eurydices kills herself with a knife and Creon is alone Political situation in france in the play * Think about nazi, jews, money, greed, later on before she dies (ring) * Who is the hero? Who is the villain? This makes it harder for us to pinpoint who is who†¦. * Antigone’s stubborn = French resistance * A lot of emphasis on childhood, beauty, purity * Many people who read anouilh’s play doesn’t like her * she goes back and forth a lot * METATHEATER : beyond the theater, outside the theater, something that goes beyond it * watching a play; any kind of comment about the play, about what’s going on†¦second look at what’s going on†¦. Prologue is a character that tells us what is going to happen * Chorus tends to delay, more of a commentary on the action itself†¦ similar function to the prologue in this play * Prologue is commenting on the roles of the characters, basically introducing us to the main actors, he is talking about the situation†¦.. * Page 4: Prologue gives us that insight into Creon’s soul: sensitive man, someone who doubts his political authority, something very important and different from the Sophocles one * Characters are full of self doubt, is a second level situation†¦looking a t what I’m doing and figuring out what I’m doing†¦.. Function of metatheater? The effect? * Conveys a sense of inevitability as if the characters cannot be anything other than what they are†¦they have been given roles†¦.. assigning the roles and they are going to enact the roles and there’s no escaping that†¦ * The idea that theater and maybe life in a totalitarian regime is more like a play†¦if you live in a state where you can die anytime, your life won’t matter much, might as well go out and have fun†¦.. et’s just do what we have to do and get it done †¦get the job done ( what Creon says a lot) and move on†¦truth of life lies elsewhere†¦.. characters talk about the truth a lot here†¦.. Antigone is kind of like that, but the truth she longs for is an illusion and doesn’t exist and all that she has in her life is what exists, nothing beyond that†¦ Prologue†¦. is just like the Greek gods, a kind of fate†¦. Scene between antigone and nurse Nurse doesn’t exist in the original†¦. have Tiresias but not here†¦ it’s the nurse..We are given a first insight of Antigone†¦. she’s rebellious, not sleeping, she’s out†¦god knows where she is Nurse thinks she’s having a boyfriend†¦yet she’s about to be betrothed to Haemon†¦aristocratic women should not behave this way†¦. there’s all this back and forth between them†¦ The Nurse is perhaps.. IS the example of pure love and care in the play, there’s nothing selfish, impure about her†¦. she’s all about selfless giving to Antigone, cares about her, loves her†¦political outsider, has no role, she’s a servant†¦. nothing to gain from the system†¦.. o you might say that’s what is achieved, introducing kindness and goodness into a world where motives are very much fluid, neither Creon or Antigo ne are good or bad, they are deluded†¦. Nurse is not full of Illusion†¦she loves Antigone Antigone Her famous word is saying NO†¦.. no is a word of a rebel†¦. She says yes to the Nurse†¦affirming a bunch of things to the Nurse even though it’s false†¦. we have a bunch of yeses right after the other. Affirming things to the Nurse, denying things to everyone else†¦WHY? Nurse is someone she trusts, not a political authority†¦.. rusts her and not an opposition to her as she is to everyone else, even her sister One of the things we noticed is that the relationship of Ismene and Antigone and how they are different in here than in Sophocles Ismene still the same in which she is opposite of Antigone, follows rules, obedient She understands where Creon’s coming from, but there’s some other stuff too One of them is the BEAUTY contest†¦. Antigone is physically unattractive and Ismene is physically attractive, and there’s a jealousy thing between the two sisters†¦. Haemon is in between†¦.Antigone steps in and uses Ismene’s stuff to attract Haemon STRESSES Nazi’s term of BEAUTY blonde, blue eyes, and not any way dark skin and stuff Ismene is the resemblance of beauty= German Nazis Antigone= French resistance STRENGTH & WEAKNESS Antigone .. not as beautiful as Ismene apparently Antigone’s love for dirt and mud†¦. has a lot to do with her upbringing, was told to do things in a certain order, she was told to be clean, not dirty†¦. keeping surface clean of mud, cover up the imperfections, not let physical ugliness show†¦. Same applies to strength†¦ Person who says no? erson who says yes? Antigone in this play is IN LOVE WITH LIFE†¦she loved life when she was little, but as she grew up, she realized that the world is really corrupt so now she doesn’t really care about dying and she doesn’t others to touch her†¦does that mean Antigon e is in love with death? NO, not exactly, she is tired of living†¦.. a very young innocent Antigone and now that she is an adult, she doesn’t want the world that she sees in her†¦she js doesn’t want to live IN THIS WAY†¦rejecting REGIME†¦German occupation of France, resisting THAT kind of life†¦ Childhood= paradise†¦. or example Antigone just like in Sophocles play buries her brother twice 1st time she buries her brother= just the sprinkling of the earth†¦.. †are you sure it wasn’t an animal that did it? † animal metaphors †¦. THE SPADE†¦little childhood spade†¦rusty also.. we know that this spade belongs to Polynices children are associated with purity, innocence, all these ideas that the Nurse resembles spade= rusting†¦.. playfulness, innocence, lack of care is gone .. it doesn’t exist. uses this to bury the brother second time, Antigone did it with her bare handsAntigone is very much be having like an animal when she is arrested Creon thinks it might have been an animal the first time She behaves like an animal Why would a girl be like an animal? What’s the association with the animal that ends up being a woman Why bring up animals here? Antigone is very much an adolescent, someone who hasn’t grown up†¦.. her using the spade is a sign of someone clinging to childhood, innocence†¦. the animal means she doesn’t want to enter â€Å"society† Nurse gives her little pet names†¦all of them have to do with birds†¦. alls her dove/sparrow/turtle dove†¦.. so that’s another case in the play where Antigone is thought of as a bird, as a non human, term of endearment used by the bird†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦all of them comparing Antigone to a non-human and then we have Creon continuing that later on†¦.. all of these things resemble Antigone as not belonging to society †¦. that and she doesn’t put make up†¦noth ing artificial on†¦sign of clinging to childhood†¦. rejection of artificiality, she’s clean pure, naked†¦.. clings to childhood cause everyone else is an adult * Both Jonas and Antigone are under Creon’s rule Jonas is a guy that says YES†¦doesn’t rebel in any way†¦.. Antigone is the rebel * How does the guards behave†¦. his desire to be on the ruler’s good side†¦promotes himself a lot†¦saying he does his job well†¦. Creon and Jonas are fixated on doing well & being efficient * Creon is very in favor of taking orders and executing†¦Jonas is his subject * Efficiency†¦. every failure was followed by with justifications just in case the king wants to kill you†¦his greed to get more money†¦ * Self promotion, beautifulness, efficiency, desire to be on the ruler’s good side†¦.. nd those are the values that Creon likes and that’s what Jonas displays * We know who did it and now we go to the confrontation between Antigone and Creon * Creon’s obsession with duty†¦. he sees his job as a duty that needs to be executed almost mechanically†¦. Creon has been given the role so he needs to play that role as best as he can†¦it’s all over the play†¦. so a few examples * Creon says that Thebes needs a king with no fuss†¦Ismene’s a sensible person, Antigone’s a irrational person * Creon is the guy that says yes * Antigone’s a person that says no Creon is caring about just DOING THE JOB, doesn’t matter about how it’s done†¦not that kinda guy†¦just DO THE JOB * By doing that, Jonas and Creon is alike * Creon is the lover of CLEANLINESS†¦Antigone is the one that likes to get her hands dirty†¦mud†¦. Ismene is the clean make up etc†¦. make up†¦. Antigone is the natural, and Ismene is not†¦.. * Creon is a practical guy†¦hygiene * **The world is empty of meanin g†¦.. Haemon and Creon are talking†¦Haemon wants someone to look up to, to have values†¦. Creon says that we are alone and the world is empty and you’ve looked up to your father too long * values are what make the world work†¦. ut in the play, if you’re given an order, just go execute it†¦if you want to live and value life, given a task execute that task†¦ * next: keeping quiet†¦is what Ismene shows in both plays†¦. * Creon here does not believe in the gods in this play†¦. he thinks the gods are him in this play†¦absence of the divine completely†¦. gods are actually being ridiculed * Creon: be practical†¦don’t waste time†¦. get married have kids live a happy life and then die * One of the THEMEs: NEGATIVITY†¦fact that she says no all the time†¦. * Antigone thinks she’s the best thing in a corrupt world†¦she will only love a Haemon that is like her†¦

Newborn Fatality And Midwifery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5388 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Every child born into the world is a new thought of god an ever fresh and radiant possibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? -Kate dauglas Wiggin Health is the most important, sought-after thing in the world by all, no matter who we are, when well- cared for their earliest years, children are more likely to survive grow up the first month is crucial importance, in terms of health care. The health of women and children is the basis of a healthy family and a healthy nation. This is particularly true of children whose healthy future depends on proper care during the first year life (UNICEF, 2002).Newborns are the blessings for today and tomorrow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Newborn Fatality And Midwifery" essay for you Create order The newbornà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s body is most supersensitive, delicate, immature and susceptible from which can easily harmed if not taken care of newborn. The birth of a baby is an event a moment which creates a great joy and wonder of godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s gift, a gift of god in the life of parents. From the moment of birth, many parents are loved to involve in the care of the newborn. The first care given to a neonate include placing him/her in a warm environment , suctioning the oropharynx and nose , cleaning the eyes , clamping and cutting the cord ,checking the weight , tying the identification tag and mummifying the baby. First time the mother smiles when the newborn is cry and she forgets the pain. The newborn, once separated from the mother in the process of delivery, undergoes certain fundamental changes in which he/ she leaves the sterile environment of the uterus and moves into the outside environment .This separation occurs through the severing of the umbilical cord. Afte r birth, the cord is no longer needed, and is cut, leaving a short stump Behind on-pathogenic bacteria such as coagulate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"negative staphylococci, e-coli, and streptococci, clostrium tetani may also be present on the skin and can track up the umbilical stump causing infection (ZUPAN et a l à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2005). The UNICEF report released at the National conference on child survival and development in New Delhi, claims that out of nearly 26 million children born in India each year, 1.2 million die during the first 4 weeks .This is the 30% of the 3.9 million global neonatal deaths. According to current report (neonatal mortality) of 44/1000 live birth accounts for nearly 2/3rd of all infant deaths (death before the age of one) and nearly half of under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" five children deaths in India. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s NMR significantly from 69/1000 live births in 1980-50/1000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"live births in 1990 .In recent years NMR has remained static onl y dropping four points from 48-44/1000 live birth in 1995 and 2000. The main causes of neonatal deaths are low birth weight and infections (Indian express, 2004). One million newborn infants die every day by multiple of organisms which often enter in to the body via the umbilicus. The other contributing causes of umbilical cord infection includes maternal factors like maternal infections e.g. amionitis, repeated vaginal examinations during labour, duration of rupture of membrane, unhygienic practice of delivery, delivery conducted by untrained dais, environment factors like cleanliness of the ward and caregiver with severe infection, upper respiratory infection and neonatal factors like small for gestational age, preterm newborns ,birth condition during labor like me conium stained liquor, umbilical cord infection had caused many neonatal death before aseptic technique were used .In developing countries umbilical cord infections constitute a major cause of Neonatal morbidity and pose significant risk for mortality, in the environment as the umbilical outbreaks of cord infection continue to occur even in developed nurseries (Zupan et al 2000). The hospitalized neonates may get infection from various sources like tube feeding, unhygienic cloth, avoidance of baby bath, using many cosmetics, etc. Environment as the umbilical cord is a means of entry for systemic infective agents that colonize the skin of the newborn. Umbilical cord is the only route of entry for microbes, because it has opening in the umbilicus, even though the cord clamp was there in the cord It is therefore essential to keep the cord clean to prevent infection and promote a normal healing until the stump dries up and falls off by giving umbilical cord care during the transition period. SIGNIFICANCE OF AND NEED FOR THE STUDY In midwifery practices, the newborn care is an important aspect and the kind of care and attention given immediately after birth and later is greatly valued. Umbilical cord care is very important since infections of the cord can be so fatal that it may even lead to the death of the neonate. Despite the importance of umbilical cord care, both traditionally and medically, there have been few randomized trials investigating the impact of different cord care regimen on rates of local or systemic infections, particularly in developing countries (Mullany et al 2003) Also, nursing studies and literature pertaining to the care of umbilical care relatively limited and the procedures adopted for umbilical cord care is varied. The present study intends to investigate the effectiveness of lukewarm water application on the umbilical cord of newborns in terms of occurrence of umbilical cord infection. Bain (1994) undertook a study to find the effect of four different cord care regimens in pre term babies. The evidence of the trail suggested that cleaning the cord with alcohol, wiping and dusting with sterzac powder resulted in less cord related infection and a shorter time for cord separation compared to any other cord care regimen. All these conclusive evidences prove that the policy of leaving umbilical cords untreated is not a safe practice. In many studies reported clean the umbilical cord with warm water compare than antiseptic solution. Antiseptic solution may cause delay in healing and form the pus (NNT 2010). Zupan and Garner (1998) carried out a study on the effectiveness of topical agents for umbilical cord care to prevent cord care infection, illness and death in newborn infants in developed countries. They have included newborns of any gestation, using any of the following interventions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" topical antiseptic applications. Clean with warm water, Including the newborns who were born outsides well as inside the hospital, the incidence of umbil ical sepsis was2001-10 cases,2002-24case,2003- 19 cases.,2004( Jan out) -15 cases. Early onset of neonatal sepsis is clinically apparent within 72 hours of life , with an overall mortality rate of 15-50% .Late onset neonatal sepsis is usually present after 72hours of life and includes nosocomially acquired infections .The overall mortality rate of late onset sepsis is 10-20% Bobak et al (1995).The UNICEF report released at the National conference on child survival and development in New Delhi, claims that out of nearly 26 million children born in India each ye1.2 million die during the first 4 weeks .This is the 30% of the 3.9 million global neonatal deaths. According to the current report (neonatal mortality) of 44/1000 live birth accounts for nearly 2/3rd of all infant deaths (death before the age of one) and nearly half of under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" five children deaths in India. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s NMR significantly from 69/1000 live births in 1980-50/1000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Å"live births in 1990 .In recent years NMR has remained static only dropping four points from 48-44/1000 live birth in 1995 and 2000.India contributes to 20% global birth and highest number of neonatal death within a country, each year, 26 million infants are born in India of these 1.2 million die during the neonatal death period before completing the first four weeks of life. Two newborns deaths occur every minute in this vast country. The current neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is around 40/1000 live birth of less than five mortality rate. Between 1995and 2000, there was only a legible decrease 4 points in NMR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from 48-44/ 1000 live birth. The tapering off the rate decline is a cause of concern requiring serious planning and newer strategies. The main causes of neonatal deaths are low birth weight and neonatal infections; maternal infections (Indian express, 2004). One million newborn infants die every day by bacterial infection which often enters the body vi a the umbilicus. The other contributing causes of umbilical cord infection includes maternal factors like maternal infections e.g. amionitis , repeated vaginal examinations during labour, duration of rupture of membrane, place of delivery, environment factors like cleanliness of the ward and caretaker with URI , technical factors like method of cord care , hand washing technique, and transfer of infant and neonatal factors like gestational age, birth condition during labor , umbilical cord infection had caused many neonatal death before aseptic technique were used. In developing countries umbilical cord infections constitute a major cause of Neonatal morbidity and pose significant risk for mortality, in the environment as the umbilical outbreaks of cord infections continue to occur even in developed nurseries (Zupan et al 2000). The traditional practices of cord care in this area include application of hot fermentation (31.5%), use of rag and latern(19.5%), use of Vaseline (9,5%) , ash/charcoal(9.3%), groundnut/palm oil (8.3%), use of powder (6.5%),and red sand (3.5%), These practices are harmful because these substances are often contaminated with bacteria and spores, thus increasing the risk of infection.(Konduga local government area of born state-2005) Traditional nursing procedures are being gradually substituted by more modern Practices. As technologic advance, Nursing practices also change. As many routine procedures like predelivery perineal shave, predelivery enema are questioned, the efficacy of the antiseptic solution usage for umbilical cord care has also become a question and a study is necessitated through comparing the existing practices with the key outcomes .Therefore, the investigator strongly felt need to do study, comparing the use of antiseptic solution with lukewarm water for umbilical cord care in order to find out the effectiveness of lukewarm water. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM An experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of umbilical cord care using lukewarm water among newborns in selected hospital at Madurai district. OBJECTIVES To assess the umbilical cord after cord care experimental group and control group. To compare the effectiveness of cord care experimental group and control group. To find the association between experimental group with selected demographic variables To find the association between control group with selected demographic variables. HYPOTHESIS There will be significant difference between experimental group and control group after cord care. There will be significant association between experimental group with selected demographic variables. There will be significant association between control group with selected demographic variables OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Effectiveness In this study it refers to the outcome of an experimental study indentified with help of significant difference between tests among newborns. Newborn In this study it refers to the period from birth to28 days of life is called period and the infant in this period is termed as neonate or newborn baby. Umbilical cord care with lukewarm water In this study it refers to warm water with a degree of 70-97à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚ ¦f or 26-36à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚ ¦c to clean the umbilical cord and the cord is left dry and open. ASSUMPTION Application of lukewarm water will prevent infection of the umbilical cord. Application of lukewarm water it promotes early healing of umbilical cord. DELIMITATIONS `The study is limited to the newborn of the mothers who had LSCS. The study is confined to selected hospitals. PROJECTED OUTCOME The result of the study would help the investigator to identify the effectiveness of cord care using lukewarm water among newborns. The study will help to promote a early healing of the umbilical cord and to reduce the infections. The findings on demographic variables would help to identify the factors which affect the newborns with infection CHAPTER-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature is an important, essential aspect of scientific treatment .It involves the systematic identification, location scrutiny and summarization of the written material that contains information on a research problem. It broadens the understanding and provides the insight necessary for the development of a broad conceptual context into which the problem fits (polit hungler, 1995). A review of related research and non- research literature was undertaken and an attempt was made to organize the materials. This includes Umbilical cord care Review on studies related to umbilical cord care using lukewarm water Review on studies related to cord care. UMBILICAL CORD CARE Umbilical cord Inspect the Umbilical cord area for the correct amount of blood vessels, two arteries and one vein. The umbilical vein is larger than the umbilical arteries. A yellow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" brown or green tinge to the cord indicates the me conium was released. The umbilical cord should be checked for bleeding or oozing during the early hours after birth. The clamp must be securely fastened with no skin caught and tissue injury. Pathophysiological background The umbilical cord is a tissue, which of consisting of two arteries and one vein covered by a mucoid connective tissue called Whartons jelly and a thin mucous membrane. During pregnancy, the placenta supplies all nutrients for fetal growth and development and removes waste products. Blood flowing through the cord brings nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and carries away carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes. After birth, until the placenta separates and while the cord is still pulsating, a small volume of blood may be transfused from the placenta to the newborn. The amount transfused depends on when the cord is cut and the level at which the baby is held in relation to the mother at the time of cord clamping Umbilical cord healing process The cord darkens and shrivels as it dries and falls off within 7-14 days. The cord should be dry and not have any drainage. After the cord falls, a small pink, granulating area about a quarter of an inch in diameter may remain. This should also be left clean and dry until it has healed (about 24- 48 more hours). umbcord Umbilical cord infection In umbilical cord if the ulcerous area has remained as long as one week it indicates of sign of infection. Source of infection Unhygienic environment of delivery Contaminated cord cutting instrument Infected hands of care giver or infected clothing Causative organisms Staphylococcus E-coli Clostridium tetani Signs and symptoms Swollen and moist per umbilical tissue with redness Foul smelling Serous or purulent discharge Delayed falling of umbilical cord Fever Management Umbilical cord should leave uncovered rather than application of dressing. Systemic antibiotic is given in complicated cases. Complication Jaundice Hepatitis Peritonitis Umbilical granuloma Prevention Aseptic technique and clean practices at birth. Administration of tetanus toxoid to antenatal mothers. Prognosis Prognosis depends upon the nature of infection, intiation of management and nursing care. Prevention of umbilical cord infection is more easy and important in neonates. Cord care DOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and DONTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S Doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Cut the cord with a clean instrument. Tie the cord tightly with clean or sterile thread or clamp. Tie napkin or diaper below the umbilical cord. Donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ts Bandages are unnecessary and may delay in cord healing and introduce infection to the newborn. Alcohol cleaning may delay in healing and cause pus. Apply traditional remedies to the cord may cause infection World Health Organization,  (1999) Current standards of cord care is based on the principles of aseptic techniques. The aim of WHO to prevent the cord infections. However, the introduction of infection in neonatal care unit and well baby clinic for newborns in hospitals in the 1940s increased the risk of staphylococcal skin and cord infections by facilitating the spread of bacteria among infants in hospital. Clean the cord at birth and in the days following birth is effective in preventing cord infections and tetanus neonatrum. Clean cord care practices at birth include washing hands w ith clean water and soap before delivery and again before cutting and tying the cord, laying the newborn on a clean surface and cutting the cord with a sterile instrument and sterile clamp. Clean cord care in the postnatal period includes washing hands with clean water and soap before and after care and keeping the cord stump dry and exposed to air or loosely covered with clean clothes. If soiled, the cord should be washed with clean warm water (cleaning with alcohol seems to delay healing). The napkin should be folded below the umbilicus. REVIEW RELATED TO CORD CARE USING LUKEWARM WATER Kimberly Dow,(2010 ) reported news about the umbilical cord, After the umbilical cord is cut at birth, a stump of tissue remains attached to the umbilical cord. The cord will dry and shrinks. It is important to keep the umbilical cord stump and surrounding skin clean and dry. This cord care helps to prevent infection. It may also help the umbilical cord stump to fall off and the cord to heal 90% more quickly; gently clean the umbilical cord once a day. Soak a cotton swab in warm water. Squeeze out the excess water. Gently wipe around the sides of the cord and around it. Wipe away any wet, sticky, or dirty substances. Gently pat dry the area with a soft cloth. The stump usually falls off in a week or two but sometimes it takes longer. Continue to clean around the umbilical cord at least once a day until the cord has completely healed. Keeping the area Wyeth (2010) reported news about the umbilical cord. Keep the stump of the umbilical cord clean and dry until it falls off, which usually happens within a few weeks Clean the cord at each napkin change to help to dry out and to prevent entry of infection Wipe gently around the cord with a damp cotton swab .Keep the napkin folded below the navel area to keep the cord from being soaked with urine. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines(2010) was reported about umbilical cord Sometime between five and 15 days after birth, the cord will dry up, turn black and drop off, leaving a small wound that may take a few days to heal. It must be kept clean and dry to prevent infection. Harmful bacteria that live naturally on the skin can enter in to the cord causing infection. Avoid the traditional practice of taping a coin to retract the belly button as it may encourage infection and delay the healing process. Avoid the cord stump getting urine by folding the napkin down away from it, leaving the cord exposed to the air. If the cord gets urine, wash it off using clean warm water or just water alone. When the stump f alls off, it may shows of signs of little blood on the umbilical cord which is normal. In the past, cord stumps have been cleaned with antiseptic tissues or sprinkled with an antiseptic powder. Studies of the healing process have found no advantage to using antiseptics over simply keeping the cord clean, unless the baby is premature or in intensive care. Antiseptics also cause the cord to take longer to fall off, which causes anxiety to parents and increases the number of postnatal consultations with doctors. Satish Chandra. V.Naik etal (2009) in pune, study was to conduct impact of training of traditional birth attendants on the newborn care. The setting of the study was PHC, 45 TBAs attended 2 days training programme. Different AV- aids were used to interact the sessions by LCD, flipcharts, videoclipings. Pretest evaluation showed that there was a difference in the depth of knowledge regarding newborn care between previously trained tai and untrained tai .this difference was st atistically difference p(0.05). Umbilical cords assessed by 2 methods clean with warm water and application of herbal preparation. The results in pretest for trained TBA for warm water 17(85%) post test 19(67.8%) and application of herbal preparation for untrained TBAs pretest 26(86.6%) post test 19(67.8%). In this study the practice of keeping the umbilical cord stump clean and dry, progressively improved from 15% and 53.3%and0-52% among warm water and application herbal preparation. It reported a 25% in reduction of NMR (NNT)* Luke C Mullany.g.etal (2009) reported a study was to conduct cluster-randomized, community-based trial to assess the impact of three cord care regimens either A large community-based trial in rural southern Nepal conducted between 2002 and 2006 randomized babies within clusters to receive one of three cord care regimens: (1) 4.0% chlorhexidine cleansing for 7 of the first 10 days after birth or (2) soap and warm water cleansing for 7 of the first 10 days after birth, or (3) dry cord care. Overall, mortality among enrolled infants was 24% lower in the chlorhexidine group compared to dry cord care. Clinical evidence of a protective of warm water cleansing among this newborns subset was increased. Warm water cleansing reduced severe infection by 87% and mortality by 34% among those enrolled within 24 hours. Alam .M. Ali .etal (2008) in Bangladesh, the study conducted by cluster- randomized. Unstructured interview (n-60), structured interview (n=20), rating and ranking exercises (n=40),83% of umbilical cord care revolved around the bathing. Over all 40% of newborns are clean with warm water during newborn age of period only 9% of reported of infections and other application of cord care (83%) of reported of infections. Jane heiza in health and safety (2008) reported news about the umbilical cord is cut at birth, a stump of tissue remains attached umbilical cord. The stump gradually dries and shrivels until it falls off, usually between 1 and 2 weeks after birth. Gently clean umbilical the cord stump and the surrounding skin at least once a day and as needed during diaper changes or baths. Soak a cotton swab in warm water. Squeeze out the excess water. Gently wipe around the sides of the stump and the skin around it. Wipe away any wet, sticky, or dirty substances. Gently pat dry the area with a soft cloth. The stump usually falls off in a week or two but sometimes it takes longer. Continue to clean around the cord at least once a day until the cord has completely healed Medves JM, OBrien BA.etal (2008) reported study was to identify differences in time to cord separation and bacterial colonization when using alcohol or warm water to clean the cord area in healthy newborn infants. Randomized controlled trial designed was selected. 148 newborn infants who were enrolled within 3 hours of birth. Gestational age was 36.7 weeks and all infants had an Apgar score of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥7 at 5 minutes. Follow up was 92%. Parents were shown a video on cord care that was developed for the study. Parents applied warm water. Cleaning with 95% alcohol did not reduce umbilical cord separation time. 95% of warm water groups had reduces the infection and early healing of cord. Khatry .C.Mullany .etal (2005) in Nepal, conducted a study on the impact of umbilical cord care. The selected sample is 15123 infants were assigned randomly selected within communities, the following 3- cord regimens: cleansing with 4.0%, cleansing with warm water. The mean separation time wa s shorter in warm water (4.25days) and in chlorhexidine (5.23days). Janssen PA, Dobson. R.etal (2003) reported study was to compare cord bacterial colonization and morbidity among newborns whose cords were treated with triple dye and alcohol versus warm water. The investigator was randomly allocated 766 newborns to either 2 applications of triple dye to the umbilical cord stump on the day of birth with alcohol swabbing twice daily until the cord fell off (n = 384) or warm water cord care (n = 382). hemolytic streptococcus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Infants in the dry care group were significantly more likely to be colonized with Escherichia coli (34.2% vs. 22.1%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (69.5% vs. 50.5%), Staphylococcus aurous (31.3% vs. 2.8%), and group B streptococci (11.7% vs. 6.0%). Community health nurses were significantly more likely to observe exudates (7.4% vs. 0.3%) and foul odor (2.9% vs. 0.7%) among infants allocated to the dry care group during the home visit. Patricia A. Barbara L .etal (2003) reported study was to compare cord bacterial colonization and morbidity among newborns whose cords were treated with triple dye and alcohol versus warm water cord care. The sample was randomly selected 766 newborns to either 2 applications of triple dye to the umbilical cord stump on the day of birth with alcohol swabbing twice daily until the cord fell off (n = 384) or dry care (n = 382). The umbilical stump was colonized with {alpha}-hemolytic streptococcus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Infants in the warm water group were significantly more likely to be colonized with Escherichia coli (34.2% vs. 22.1%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (69.5% vs. 50.5%), Staphylococcus aurous (31.3% vs. 2.8%), and group B streptococci (11.7% vs. 6.0%). Community health nurses were significantly more likely to observe exudates (7.4% vs. 0.3%) and foul odor (2.9% vs. 0.7%). M. Bello .j.p Ambe etal (2005) in Kondugal, the study was conducted, the survey which was cross-sectional was conducted over eighth period. Systemic random sampling method was used to select the newborns. 400 samples was selected, majority of the mothers 74.3% delivered at home have same results for other groups. Warm water 2.0% results of infection. This will go reduce in mortality and morbidity in the newborns. Andrea guala (2003) study was reported about the time of cord separation, a controlled clinical trial was carried out of healthy full- term neonates. The study was to evaluate the cord separation. According to the hospital protocol, umbilical cord cleaned with cotton soaked warm water. This was statistically difference (p0.05) 10% of each infant groups discharge the mean time of cord separation is shorter than warm water. Luke C Mullany.g.etal (2002 ) study was conducted to assess cord care the Within a community-based, cluster-randomized study of the effects of 4.0% chlorhexidine on omphalitis and mortality risk, we aimed to describe the distribution of times to separation and the impact of topical chlorhexidine treatment on cord-separation times infants were assigned randomly within communities in southern Nepal to receive 1 of the following 3 cord-care regimens: cleansing with 4.0% chlorhexidine, cleansing warm water, or dry cord care. In intervention clusters, field workers cleansed the cord in the home on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 after birth. The mean separation time was shorter in dry cord care (4.24 days) and warm water (4.25 days) clusters than in chlorhexidine clusters (5.32 days; mean difference: 1.08 days). Cords of infants who received chlorhexidine were 3.6 times more likely to separate after 7 days. Facility-based birth and birth attendant hand-washing were associated with cord separation after 7 days of age. REVIEW RELATED TO CORD CARE. Mullany .Katz. etal (2007) reported study was to assess to umbilical cord care trial in Nepal during (2002-2005). Newborns were evaluated in the home for signs of cord infection (pus, redness, and swelling) omphalitis was identified in 954 of 17.198 newborns (5.5%) infection risk was 29%- 62% higher in infants receiving topical application , skin-skin contact (relative risk (RR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) =o.43,0.95) and hand washing (RR=0.73, 95% CI 0.64, 0.84). In this community, unhygienic newborn à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" care practices lead to continued high risk for omphalitis. Ahmadpour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"kacho.z.etal (2006) reported study was to compare the effect topical application of human milk, ethyl alcohol 96% and silver sulfadiazine on umbilical cord separation time in infants. This study was undertaken place at a primary- level newborn nursery at a university teaching hospital and a private hospital. Samples are randomly selected. Motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s milk , ethyl alcohol, silver sulfadiazine ointment for group 3 were applied to the days after umbilical cord separation. It was observed a significant difference in the mean cord separation time along the four groups. No significant complications were observed in any group. Breast milk could be substituted for topical agents for umbilical cord care. Gilson .k .etal (2006) reported large urban university hospital in Turkey and participant homes after discharge Umbilical cord care consisted of one of three methods: topical application of povidine-iodine twice daily, topical application of mothers milk twice daily, or dry care (keeping the cord dry and clean).Outcome was measured in terms of the presence or absence of omphalitis and the number of days elapsed before cord separation. An ongoing questionnaire was administered by telephone every other day after the participants left the hospital. There were no significant differences between the three groups in terms of omphalitis occurrenc e. The cultural practice of applying human milk to the umbilical cord stump appears to have no adverse effects and is associated with shorter cord separation times than are seen with the use of antiseptics. Kelley  Evens  .j.etal (2006)reported study was to compare alcohol versus natural drying for umbilical cord care in preterm infants and to examine its effects on bacterial colonization and cord detachment randomized to receive either umbilical cleansing with 70% isopropyl alcohol at each diaper change or natural drying. Umbilical stump cultures were performed at 12 to 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, and 14 days of age. A total of 109 infants were enrolled; 102 completed the study. There was significantly shorter in the natural drying group compared to the alcohol group (13.0 versus 16.0 days;  p=0.003). There were no cases of local umbilical infection in either group. It appears that natural drying is a safe and effective means of umbilical cord care in p reterm infants. Chamnanvanaki.S.etal (2005) conducted a randomized controlled trial was to compare time of cord separation, among 3 regimens of cord care at home1) triple dye, 2) alcohol, 3) no antiseptic solution.185 infants were recruited. Time to cord separation in infants of group1 was significantly longer than in group 2(p=0.036) and group 3 (p=0.003).The satisfaction score of group1 were significantly lower than group 2 and group 3.Triple dye delayed time to cord separation and was less satisfactory. The authors conclude that using alcohol or dry clean could be alternative ways of cord care at home Sezer.G (2005) conducted a quasi-experimental study to comparing topical human milk, Povidine iodine, and dry care.150 sample was selected, convenience sampling used, results there was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of omphalitis occurrence in the Povidine-iodine group, cord separation occurred of 9.9days. in the dry care and topical human milk groups, cord separation occurred at a mean of 7.7 days, respectively.Therewas a statistical relationship between the groups in terms of cord separation time (f=13.24, p0.05). Shoaeib Barrawy .J.etal (2005) conducted a quasi-experimental study that aimed to compare the use of alcohol and traditional methods of cord care with no à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"treatment approach, natural drying. A convenient sampling was selected; specially designed interview schedule was developed and utilized to collect data. Bathing baby while cord was attached carried out by all women of alcohol and natural drying groups, compared to only 28.6% of traditional methods of group. Breast feeding was significantly related to less incidence of cord infection (p=0.008) and shorter time of cord separation (p=0.002) incidence of cord infection was significantly related to using cloth diaper (p=0.005).It was significantly longer with bathing the baby while cord was attached. Ustav.matku.p.etal (2004) th e objective of the study was to evaluate the umbilical stump care in perinatological center in the Czech. An epidemiological approach was designed.The telephonic questionnaire evaluated the following methods: the treatment method used in the first after birth; the time of surgical removal, leaving the umbilical stump, after removal antibiotics are applied locally in 2 centres and antiseptics applied in 10 centres. The period after which neonates were released was or= 72 hours in 8 centers and or =96 hours in 4 centres. The current trend is to prefer a non- surgical method with spontaneous mummification and detachments of umbilical cord Zupan G.etal (2004) reported study was to assess the effects of topical cord care in preventing infection. Randomized and quasi randomized. Trials of topical cord care compared with no topical cord care, and comparisons between two different forms of care. No difference was demonstrated between cords treated with antiseptics compared with dry cord care or placebo. There was trend to reduced colonization with antibiotics compared to topical antibiotics and no treatment. Antiseptics prolonged the time to cord separation; use of antiseptics was reduced in maternal concern. The research has not shown any advantage of antibiotics or antiseptics over simply keeping the cord clean Zupan .G omari etal (2000) reported study was to assess the effects of topical cord care in preventing cord infection. Randomized and quasi- randomized trials of topical compared with no topical care, and comparison between different forms of care. No difference was demonstrated between cords treated antiseptics compared with dry cord care or placebo. There was a trend to reduced antiseptics prolonged the time to cord separation. Use of antiseptics was associated with a reduction in maternal concern about the cord. There is limited research which has not shown an advantage of antibiotics over simply keeping the cord clean. Ford L (1999) conducted a descriptive study about newborn umbilical cord treatment and healing conveniently selected 30 women who had delivered healthy newborn between39 and 42 weeks gestation .The hospital à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s protocol for umbilical cord care triple dye applied once daily in the hospital and alcohol applied with every diaper change at home. The home visit, they had concerns about the infantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cord. Lacour boutte.c.etal (1999) reported study was to determine whether umbilical cord of the neonate is in accordance with the guidelines of antiseptic treatment at this age of life. Six differences groups of antiseptic products were used, corresponding to 17 distinct commercial preparations. This survey shows that a variety of umbilical cord modalities is used in this region, and that the recommendations for antiseptic treatment in young babies, are not always respected.